What do you understand by the term CPI?
¨ It measures the amount of commodities and services a given sum of money can buy.
¨ Also known as purchasing power or internal value of money.
¨ General Price changes will affect the value of money.
Definition: CPI is a figure that measures the relative changes in the general price level from a base year to a current year.
Steps Involved in the Calculation of the CPI
i. Selection of a base year
ii. Selection of a basket of commodities and services.
iii. Gather information on prices for base year and current year.
iv. Assign weights to each good and service according to their relative importance.
v. Calculate relative price changes between base year and current year and multiply this by the weights.
vi. Total the amount (i.e. relative prices x weights) and divide it by the total weights.
Illustration
Items
(per kg)
Prices
Relative prices
Weight
X weight
Yr 1
Yr 2
A
B
C
1.00
3.00
5.00
1.80
4.50
6.30
100
180
150
126
6
3
1
600
300
1080
450
10
1000
1656
Weighted price index for Yr 1 = 100
Weighted price index for Yr 2 = 165.6
Importance of CPI
Price indices are of importance to the government, firms and traders and to the trade union.
i. The Government use these indices as denominator to measure other economic indictors such as :-
ii. Firms and traders use these indices to adjust their profit margin especially when cost of production changes.
iii. Trade Union uses these indices in their wage negotiation with the employers.
Problems Involve in the Construction of CPI
¨ Difficulty in choosing a base year
¨ Difficulty in assigning weights to each commodity according to their relative importance since these weights change from time to time
¨ As taste and preference change from time to time, it is misleading to assume that the same amount will be spent
¨ Difficulty involve in the collection of accurate information on household expenditure pattern as people resent to such enquiries
¨ Difficult to include all range, grades or quality of goods in the market
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