Structures of Hydrocarbons:
PURPOSE
Discussion:
The saturated hydrocarbons represent a group of organic compounds created of carbon and hydrogen. Alkanes and cycloalkanes are termed saturated hydrocarbons since their carbon atoms are attached via only single bonds. In every kind of alkane, each carbon atom has 4 valence electrons and must always have 4 single bonds.
To study more about the 3-dimensional structure compounds, it is useful to make models using a ball-and-stick model kit. In the kit are plastic (or wooden) balls and sticks that symbolize characteristic components and chemical bonds correspondingly in organic compounds.
Table: Elements and Bonds Represented in the Organic Model Kit
Colour
Element
Number of Bonds
Black
carbon
4
White
hydrogen
1
Red
oxygen
2
Yellow
nitrogen
3
Green
chlorine
Blue
bromine
The 1st model to construct is methane, CH4, a hydrocarbon consisting of 1 carbon and 4 hydrogen atoms. The model of methane illustrates the 3-dimensional figure, a tetrahedron, approximately a carbon atom.
To symbolize this model on paper, its form is flattened, and the carbon atom is exposed connected to 4 hydrogen atoms. This kind of method is termed a total structural formula. Though, it is more suitable to utilize a shortened version termed a condensed structural formula. To inscribe a condensed method, the hydrogen atoms are collection through their carbon atom. The number of hydrogen atoms is written as a subscript. The whole structural method and the condensed structural formula for C2H6 are given away below:
Naming Alkanes:
The names of alkanes all end by -ane. The names of organic compounds are depend on the names of the alkane family.
Table: Names of Some Organic Compound
Name
Formula
Methane
CH4
Hexane
CH3CH2CH2CH2CH2CH3
Ethane
CH3CH3
Heptane
CH3CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH3
Propane
CH3CH2CH3
Octane
CH3CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH
Butane
CH3CH2CH2CH3
Nonane
CH3CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH3
Pentane
CH3CH2CH2CH2CH3
Decane
CH3CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH3
Constitutional isomers:
Constitutional isomers are symbolized when a molecular formula can stand for two or more different structural (or condensed) formulas. One structure can't be transferred to the other through no breaking and shaping bonds. The isomers have diverse physical and chemical properties. One of the causes for the huge array of organic compounds is the phenomenon of isomerism.
Cycloalkanes:
In a cycloalkane, and alkane has a cyclic or loop structure. There are no finish carbon atoms. The structural method of a cycloalkane shows all of the carbon and hydrogen atoms. The condensed formula collections the hydrogen atoms through each of the carbon atoms. Another type of notation termed the geometric structure is often utilized to depict a cycloalkane through showing simply the bonds that draw the geometric shape of the compound. For instance, the geometric shape of cyclopropane is triangle, and the geometric shape of cyclobutane is square. Instances of the different structural formulas for cyclobutane are exposed beneath.
Haloalkanes:
In haloalkanes, a halogen atom such as chlorine (Cl) or bromine (Br) replaces a hydrogen atom of an alkane or a cycloalkane.
Experimental procedures
Using an organic model kit, construct a ball-and-stick model of the following molecules. Draw the three-dimensional shape of the molecules and write the complete structural formulae and condensed formulae for all the isomers if any. Be sure to name all compounds.
(I) alkanes
A) Methane, CH4 B) Ethane, C2H6 C) Propane, C3H8
D) Butane, C4H10 E) Pentane, C5H12 F) Hexane, C6H14
(II) cycloalkanes
G) Cyclopropane, C3H6 H) Cyclobutane, C4H8 I) Cyclopentane, C5H10
J) Cyclohexane, C6H12
(III) haloalkanes
K) 1,2-dichloropropane L) Bromoethane M) Dibromopropane
N) 1,2-dichlorocyclopentane O) 2- methylpropane
Tutorsglobe: A way to secure high grade in your curriculum (Online Tutoring)
Expand your confidence, grow study skills and improve your grades.
Since 2009, Tutorsglobe has proactively helped millions of students to get better grades in school, college or university and score well in competitive tests with live, one-on-one online tutoring.
Using an advanced developed tutoring system providing little or no wait time, the students are connected on-demand with an expert at https://www.tutorsglobe.com. Students work one-on-one, in real-time with a tutor, communicating and studying using a virtual whiteboard technology. Scientific and mathematical notation, symbols, geometric figures, graphing and freehand drawing can be rendered quickly and easily in the advanced whiteboard.
Free to know our price and packages for online chemistry tutoring. Chat with us or submit request at [email protected]
tutorsglobe.com mechanism of urine formation assignment help-homework help by online excretion tutors
If the 1st phase, say R or A phase starts at slot number 1, the Y or B phase have to be start at 1200/300 = 4 slots away that is, in slot (1 + 4 = ) 5, and the B or C phase should begin at (5 + 4 =) 9.
Proper Care should be taken when checking the biasing voltage of old CRT that should be appropriate to the new CRT.
tutorsglobe.com standard entropy assignment help-homework help by online entropy tutors
An easy and most general method to test armature winding for short and open coils is through a growler.
Photochemistry and Pericyclic Reactions tutorial all along with the key concepts of Photochemical reaction, tunicate, Consequences of photo excitation, Pauli Exclusion Principle
euphorbiaceae involves more than 300 genera and about 7,500 species. it is universal in distribution, but specifically well presented in africa and south america.
tutorsglobe.com kinds of factors of production assignment help-homework help by online meaning of production tutors
Get Un-Matched Custom Research Papers Assignment Help by PhD tutors at rational prices that you need today for securing top grades!
Distribution of Natural gases tutorial all along with the key concepts of Petroleum Industry, Oil Tanker, World Natural Gas distribution and production, World Natural Gas consumption and trade
Other Insulation Materials are Bamboo sticks, Paper, Wood, Asbestos board, Mica, Micanite, Bakelite, Glass, Cotton or silk.
www.tutorsglobe.com offers Programming Fundamentals homework help, assignment help, case study, writing homework help, online tutoring assistance by computer science tutors.
Avail top-rated Botany Assignment Help to get top-notch quality papers from PhD experts to secure A++ at affordable price range.
Vibrational Rotational Spectroscopy tutorial all along with the key concepts of Selection rules, Isotope effect, Vibrational and Rotational Transitions of Polyatomic Molecules, Wave Functions and Their Properties
www.tutorsglobe.com offers Characteristics of Requirements homework help, assignment help, case study, writing homework help, online tutoring assistance by computer science tutors.
1960772
Questions Asked
3689
Tutors
1473047
Questions Answered
Start Excelling in your courses, Ask an Expert and get answers for your homework and assignments!!