Introduction:
Whenever an oxygen atom is attached to carbon atoms of a carbon chain making a three membered ring, the compound are known as Epoxides.
Methods of Formation:
Epoxides can be made up from the given methods:
1) The oxidation of alkenes with peroxy acids. Illustration of peroxy acids are:
For illustration:
Fig: Oxidation of alkenes with peroxy acids
2) Ethylene oxide can be prepared via treating ethylene chlorohydrins by potassium hydroxide.
Fig: Ethylene oxide preparation
3) Ethylene oxide can as well be prepared via passing a mixture of ethene and air over silver catalyst under pressure at a temperature of around 200 to 400oC
Fig: Preparation of Ethylene oxide
Chemical Properties of Epoxides:
Epoxy ethane is a gas at ordinary temperature. They are very reactive and the ring opens at different reactions.
Acid catalyzed cleavage:
i) Conversion to 1, 2-diol: Whenever treated with dilute acid solution, Epoxides are transformed to 1, 2-diol.
ii) Epoxides react by alcohols in the presence of small amount of acid catalyst to form the monoethers.
iii) Epoxides react by concentrated halogen acid solution to form halogenohydrins
iv) Epoxides react by hydrogen cyanide, HCN, to form the ethylene cyanohydrins.
All the example of Acid catalyzed cleavage is illustrated below:
Fig: Acid catalyzed cleavage
Base catalyzed cleavage:
i) Reaction by sodium ethoxide: The Epoxides react by sodium ethoxide to give 2-ethoxy ethanol (that is, ethyl cellosive).
ii) Epoxides react by methanol under pressure to form 2-methoxy ethanol (methyl cellosolve).
iii) Epoxides react by cellosolves to form carbitols.
iv) Reaction by ammonia: Ammonia reacts by Epoxides to give 2-amino ethanol. This reaction generally forms a mixture of three amino acids.
All the example of base catalyzed cleavage is illustrated below:
Fig: Base catalyzed cleavage
Reaction with Grignard reagent:
Epoxides react with Grignard reagents by the cleavage of carbon-oxygen bond to give primary alcohols having a greater number of carbon atoms. The chain is increased via the number of carbon-atoms present in the alkyl radical of the Grignard reagent. For illustration:
Fig: Reaction with Grignard reagent
Reaction with organolithium compounds:
Epoxides whenever treated with lithium diethylamide are transformed to allylic alcohols. For illustration:
Fig: Reaction with organolithium compounds
Reduction of Epoxides:
Epoxides can be reduced by using lithium aluminium hydride to yield alcohol. Unsymmetrical Epoxides provide highly substituted alcohols as major product. For illustration:
Fig: Reduction of Epoxides
Oxidation of Epoxides:
Epoxides are oxidized to α-hydroxyl ketones through dimethyl sulphoxide.
CH3-CH-CH=CH2 + Me2SO → (H+) → CH3CHOHCOCH3 + Me2S
Reaction with ethanoic acid:
Epoxides react by ethanoic acid to make glycol monoethanoate.
Fig: Reaction with ethanoic acid
Action of heat:
Epoxides go through rearrangement on heating to form the ethanal.
Fig: Action of heat
Reaction with glycol:
Whenever heated with ethane-1, 2-diol (that is, ethelene glycol) epoxide forms the diethelene glycol.
Fig: Reaction with glycol
Uses of Epoxides:
1) Epoxides are utilized as fumigant and insecticides for grain, tobacco and dried fruits.
2) They are basically employed in the preparation of glycol ethers which are used as industrial solvents.
3) Methyl cellosolve, ethyl cellosolve and butyl cellosolve are used as solvents for the cellulose.
4) Epoxides are employed in the manufacture of non-ionic surface active agents.
5) Plyethylene glycols made up from Epoxides are employed as industrial solvents.
Tutorsglobe: A way to secure high grade in your curriculum (Online Tutoring)
Expand your confidence, grow study skills and improve your grades.
Since 2009, Tutorsglobe has proactively helped millions of students to get better grades in school, college or university and score well in competitive tests with live, one-on-one online tutoring.
Using an advanced developed tutoring system providing little or no wait time, the students are connected on-demand with a tutor at www.tutorsglobe.com. Students work one-on-one, in real-time with a tutor, communicating and studying using a virtual whiteboard technology. Scientific and mathematical notation, symbols, geometric figures, graphing and freehand drawing can be rendered quickly and easily in the advanced whiteboard.
Free to know our price and packages for online Chemistry tutoring. Chat with us or submit request at [email protected]
tutorsglobe.com orthopedics assignment help-homework help by online bones and joints tutors
automatic iron box is similar as that of non-automatic category apart from it has additional device termed as thermostatic device to regulate the temperature.
tutorsglobe.com nervous system assignment help-homework help by online co-ordination systems tutors
Ecology of Terrestrial and aquatic animals tutorial all along with the key concepts of Ecology and Biology of Fish Species, Clupeidae, Carangidae, Polynemidae, Sciaenidae, Sparidae and Penaeid shrimps
Satellite Orbit in a Many-Body Problem tutorial all along with the key concepts of Equations of Motion in Many-body Problem, Ten known Integrals of Motion,Integrals of Centre-of-Mass, Three Integrals of Area, Integral of Energy, Moment of Inertia and Force Function, Transfer between Orbits
tutorsglobe.com skin assignment help-homework help by online receptor organs tutors
super conductivity-basic phenomenon tutorial all along with the key concepts of empirical criteria, transition temperature, energy gap, properties dependent on energy gap, density of states, acoustic attenuation
tutorsglobe.com spinal cord functioning assignment help-homework help by online co-ordination systems tutors
www.tutorsglobe.com offers hydroboration reactions homework help, hydroboration reactions assignment help, online tutoring assistance, organic chemistry solutions by online qualified tutor's help.
tutorsglobe.com anterior urethra assignment help-homework help by online types of normal flora tutors
tutorsglobe.com t wave assignment help-homework help by online ecg-electrocardiogram tutors
Biochemical and biomedical genetics tutorial all along with the key concepts of Variation in proteins, Defects of abundant and structural proteins, first single gene polymorphisms, Variations in non-coding and non-functional DNA
Theory and lecture notes of Architecture of DBMS all along with the key concepts of architecture of dbms, stages of the architecture, external level, conceptual vision, internal view. Tutorsglobe offers homework help, assignment help and tutor’s assistance on Architecture of DBMS.
tutorsglobe.com explanation of marginal utility assignment help-homework help by online marginal utility tutors
For accounting information to be helpful, the accountant must be unambiguous for whom the information is being ready and for what is the purpose of information that will be used.
1944384
Questions Asked
3689
Tutors
1443336
Questions Answered
Start Excelling in your courses, Ask an Expert and get answers for your homework and assignments!!