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  Heterosis

Heterosis:

The F1 hybrid’s superiority in performance over its parents is known as heterosis/hybrid vigour. Vigour considers increasing in growth, yield, and resistance to diseases, pests and drought.  F1 hybrids of maize display 25 per cent increase in yield while compared to their own parent crop. Vegetative propagation is the very much best suited measure for keeping hybrid vigour, because the desired characters are not lost and can persevere over a period of time.

Polyploid breeding:

The basis for plant breeding is differences in plants. Heritable and wanted differences take place in nature through mutation, polyploidy, recombination and chromosomal aberrations. A diploid plant comprises two sets of chromosomes but any organism where the number of sets of chromosome is doubled is known as a polyploid.

While chromosome number is doubled through itself in similar plant, it is known as autopolyploidy. For inwtance, three sets of chromosomes that are a triploid condition in apples, sugar beets, and pear has resulting in the increase in vigor and fruit size, large leaves, flower, large root size, more seeds and sugar content in them. Tomato, apple, watermelon and orange without seeds are autopolyploids.

Polyploidy can be made through the make use of colchicine to double the chromosome number. Allopolyploids are generated by multiplication of chromosome sets that are primarily derived from two dissimilar species.

Example Triticum × Secale provides Triticale.

The haploid individual plant will comprise just only one set of chromosome. By the method of anther and ovary culture, haploid plants can be changed to diploid ones through doubling their chromosomes. Changes that are brought forth by plant tissue culture are known as somoclonal variation. Example - disease resistant potato and rust resistant wheat.  Varieties of short duration sugarcanes are generated through polyploid breeding.

Mutation breeding:

Radiation makes mutation to develop new range of crops. Here with newer and more powerful basis of radiations (X- ray, UV shortwave, Alpha, Beta, Gamma waves) and several chemicals (mutagens) example Caesium, ethyl methane sulfonate, nitromethyl urea), we can raise the rates of mutation example Triple gene dwarf wheat along with increase in yield and height. Atomita 2-rice along with saline tolerance and pest resistance, groundnuts along with thick shells are products of breeding techniques by induced mutation.

 

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