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  Glycolysis

Glycolysis:

The procedure through which the glucose (6C compound) is split into two molecules of pyruvic acid (3C compound) is known as glycolysis.

Three German Microbiologists that are:

1. Embden,
2. Meyerhof and
3. Parnas,

Very first illustrates this process in yeast cell. Therefore, it is otherwise termed as EMP pathway. It takes place in cytoplasm. It is general in all organisms. It is separated into two phases:

1. Hexose phase and
2. Triose phase.

Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate and DHAP are the results of hexose phase and two molecules of pyruvic acid are the results of triose phase. The complete reaction of glycolysis is provided in the below equation:

Reactions that are included in glycolysis are as follows:

A. The glucose is phosphorylated along with ATP to form glucose-6- phosphate. The reaction is catalyzed through the enzyme hexokinase.

B. Glucose-6-phosphate is isomerized to create fructose-6-phosphate by phosphoglucoisomerase.

C. Fructose-6-phosphate is after that phosphorylated by using ATP to form fructose 1, 6-bisphosphate. This reaction is catalyzed through phosphofructokinase. The ATP is dephosphorylated to ADP.

D. Fructose 1, 6-bisphosphate is cleared through the enzyme aldolase to 2 molecules of 3C compounds. They are

  • dihydroxy acetone phosphate (DHAP) and
  • glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate.

These two trioses are isomers.

1703_process of glycosis.jpg


                                                    Diagram:  Process of Glycolysis

E. glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate and DHAP are interconvertible through the action of triose phosphate isomerase. These reaction’s five series comprises hexose phase and generate two molecules of 3-carbon compound termed as 3- phosphoglyceraldehyde.  In hexose phase 2 ATP molecules are consumed.

 

F.  A glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate’s molecule is phosphorylated and oxidized to 1, 3-bisphosphoglyceric acid in the existence of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase.  Throughout this reaction, one NADH2 is created.

G. 1, 3-bisphosphoglyceric acid is dephosphorylated to a molecule of 3-phosphoglyceric acid through phosphoglyceric kinase.  throughout this reaction one  ATP  is  created.  This  type  of  ATP  synthesis is  termed as  direct phosphorylation / substrate level phosphorylation.

H. A molecule of 3-phosphoglyceric acid is after that converted into a molecule of 2-phosphoglyceric acid through phosphoglyceric mutase. In this type of reaction, phosphate molecule is shifted from 3rd carbon to 2nd carbon.

I. A 2-phosphoglyceric acid’s molecule is dehydrated to a molecule of 2-phosphoenol pyruvic acid through enolase. Deduction of water molecule from the substrate is known as enolation.

J. A 2-phosphoenol pyruvic acid’s molecule is dephosphorylated to pyruvic acid and ADP is phosphorylated to ATP.  This reaction is catalyzed through pyruvic kinase. So, in the triose phase, two molecules of a molecule of 3-phospho glyceraldehyde generate 2 molecules of pyruvic acid.

In glycolysis, 4ATP and 2NADH2 molecules are created and 2ATP molecules are consumed in hexose phase. Therefore, the net gain is 2ATP and 2NADH2.

 

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