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  Gene and Genome

Introduction to Gene and Genome

The word gene was observed by W. Johannsen in the year 1909.  Of heredity a gene is a physical and functional unit.  It takes information from one generation to the next generation.  Gene is as well described like a nucleotide sequence which is accountable for the production of a particular protein.  While a gene goes through changes because of mutation, it results in biological variations. These differences are significant for evolution. Such types of variations as well arise because of recombination of genes on chromosomes.

The relationship among genes and enzymes was observed by Beadle and Tatum. They conducted bio-chemical investigate on the fungus Neurospora and finished that the main role of genes was to take information for the generation of enzymes. For this work they were awarded Nobel Prize in the year 1958.  Their findings are considered to as 'one gene one enzyme hypotheses.  Here, the hypothesis has been changed to 'one gene one polypeptide hypothesis' since the product of gene action is all the time a polypeptide.

Genome

Genome may be described like the totality of the DNA sequences of an organism involving DNAs exists in mitochondria and chloroplasts. Every species comprise a characteristic no. of chromosomes in the nuclei of the gametes and somatic cells of it. The gametic chromosome number constitutes a fundamental set of chromosomes of the organism. In all organisms it is built up of DNA but in viruses, it is built up of either RNA or DNA.

Table: displaying the organisms and their haploid set of chromosome

S.No.

Name of organism

Haploid  set of chromosome

A.

B.

C.

D.

E.

F.

G.

H.

Arabidopsis thaliana

Garden pea

Paddy

Triticum aestivum

Homo sapiens

Chimpanzee

Sugarcane

Ophioglossum

5

7

12

21

23

24

40

631

An individual's genome size is described in terms of number of base pairs either in mega bases (one million bp) or in kilo bases (1000 bp). Arabidopsis thaliana is an annual crucifer weed termed as 'thale cress'. It comprise the least nuclear genome of 130 mb along with five chromosomes (2n = 10). The human genome have about 3.2 x 109  nucleotides. The human mitochondrial genome consists of 37 genes and comprises 16,569 basepairs.

Table: Displaying the genome and approximate number of genes

S. No

Name of the organism

Size of the genome in megabase pairs

Approximate number of genes

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

Escherichia coli

Yeast

Arabidopsis thaliana

Drosophila

Homo sapiens

4.64

12.10

130.00

180.00

3,300.00

4,400

5,800

26,000

13,600

30,000 - 40,000

In human being's genome, 38.2% of genome is included in biochemical activities such as synthesis of immunological and structural proteins, 23.2% in the maintenance of genome, 21.1% in receiving and providing signals associated to cellular activities and remaining 17.5% in the common functions of the cell.  The tasks of 30,000 to 40,000 human genes are known.

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