Introduction:
Apart from the monosaccharide glucose, other monosaccharides units do exist. Trioses (3) three carbon containing sugars and Tetroses (4) four carbon containing sugars which are monosaccharides that have only straight chain structures. Monosaccharides having (5) five carbon atoms or more do exist usually in cyclic or ring structures in solution. In such ring structures, the carbonyl group is not free but would form a covalent bond with one of the hydroxyl groups in the chain (intramolecular hemiacetal or hemiketal formation). In this unit you shall study other structures of monosaccharide types and their properties.
Structure of monosaccharides with three (3) carbon and four (4) carbon atoms (trioses and tetroses)
Monosaccharides containing 3 and 4 carbon atoms usually exist in straight chain forms. They do not form pyran or furan rings. Trioses (3C) sugars and tetroses (4C) sugars are very important monosaccharides.
Structure of derived monosaccharides:
Many derivatives of monosaccharides are constituents of living things. Among the more important are the sugar acids, the amino sugars and the deoxy sugars.
i) Sugar acids:
Most common compounds of this group are created by oxidation of aldoses to carboxylic acids at either C - 1 aldehyde carbon, C-6 hydroxymethyl carbon, or both. These acids contain generic names aldonic, uronic acid and aldaric acid, respectively and general structures.
ii) Deoxy sugars:
These sugars comprise compounds with one or more hydroxyl groups on pyranose or furanose rings replaced by hydrogen. Example is 2 - Deoxyribose that is component of repeating unit in polymeric deoxyribonucleic acids (DNA).
iii) Amino sugars:
In these compounds, hydroxyl group on one of the pyranose - ring carbon atoms is replaced by the amino group. These compounds are extensively distributed in plants and animals. Example of amino sugars are N-acetyl D-glucosamine and N-acetyl D-galactosamine.
Properties of monosaccharides:
i) Mutarotation:
Isomeric forms of monosaccharides which vary only in their configuration about the hemaicetal or hemketal carbon atom (anomers) contain capability to suffer mutarotation. Mutarotation is phenomenon where α and β anomers of Dglucose interconvert in aqueous solution.
ii) Reducing property:
Monosaccharides voluntarily decrease oxidizing agents like (Cu2+) cupric ions and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). Glucose and other sugars capable of decreasing oxidizing agents are known as reducing sugars. Example Benedict's solution that has Cu2+ in alkaline medium is common reagent utilized for detecting reducing sugars by its ability to be converted to brick-red color by reducing sugars.
Cu++ → (Reduced by sugar) Cu+→ CuO (Red ppt)
iii) Glycoside formation:
Monosaccharides have the capacity to create acetals or glycosides when glucose solution is exposed to methanol in presence of dilute HCl. Two compounds are created, methyl - β -D- glucopyranoside and methyl- α - D glycopyranoside (Glycosides). Glycosides are not reducing sugars and does not show the phenomenon of mutarotation.
iv) Ester formation:
Another significant property of monosaccharides is formation of esters. If α - Dglucopyranose is treated with acetic anhydride, all-OH groups turn out to be acetylated to yield penta - O- acetyl glucose. This function is helpful in structural elucidation of sugars as acetyl groups can be hydrolyzed in acid or alkali. One of the most significant kind of ester formation is formation of phosphate esters of carbohydrates.
v) Dehydration:
In strong mineral acid such as HCl, pentoses and hexoses are dehydrated to form fufurals and hydroxymethylfurfural compounds respectively. This reaction is utilized in qualitative analysis of carbohydrates.
vi) Rearrangement in alkaline solution:
In cold, dilute alkaline solution, glucose creates both mannose and fructose. This interconversion is attributable to enolisation reaction which involves removal of hydrogen from carbon atom adjacent to carbonyl group.
vii) Reduction of monosaccharides:
D - glucose can be reduced by hydrogen gas and appropriate metal catalyst to provide glucitol (sorbitol).
Tutorsglobe: A way to secure high grade in your curriculum (Online Tutoring)
Expand your confidence, grow study skills and improve your grades.
Since 2009, Tutorsglobe has proactively helped millions of students to get better grades in school, college or university and score well in competitive tests with live, one-on-one online tutoring.
Using an advanced developed tutoring system providing little or no wait time, the students are connected on-demand with a tutor at www.tutorsglobe.com. Students work one-on-one, in real-time with a tutor, communicating and studying using a virtual whiteboard technology. Scientific and mathematical notation, symbols, geometric figures, graphing and freehand drawing can be rendered quickly and easily in the advanced whiteboard.
Free to know our price and packages for online biology tutoring. Chat with us or submit request at [email protected]
The marketing race for “more megapixels” would like us to think that “more is better”. It is not that simple, unfortunately.
we offer 24x7 impeccable zoology assignment help service from subject matter experts to score high grades at the most competitive prices.
The most correct technique of testing the armature for accurate resistance, number of turns, short and open reversed coil connection is through the drop test.
Shares present the basic units of ownership of a business. Every companies issue ordinary shares. Preference shares assurance that if a dividend is paid, the preference shareholders will be permitted to the first part of it up to a maximum value.
Principles of segregation tutorial all along with the key concepts of Mendel's First Law, Punnett Squares, Locus, Homozygous or Heterozygous, Phenotypic Ratio, Genotypic Ratio and Monohybrid Cross
tutorsglobe.com flagellation in bacteria assignment help-homework help by online bacteria tutors
www.tutorsglobe.com offers General Principles of Process Costing homework help, assignment help, case study, writing homework help, online tutoring assistance by accounting tutors.
Production and energy flow tutorial all along with the key concepts of Measurement of productivity, biomass of photosynthesizing cells, Amount of light attenuating materials, abundance and frequency range of light
Theory and lecture notes of Systems of Inequalities all along with the key concepts of Graph of an Inequality, Sketching an Inequality in Two Variables, Solving a System of Inequalities and Determining the System from Graph. Tutorsglobe offers homework help, assignment help and tutor’s assistance on ystems of Inequalities.
TutorsGlobe.com Chart of Account Assignment Help-Homework Help by Online T - Accounts Tutors
Photochemistry and Pericyclic Reactions tutorial all along with the key concepts of Photochemical reaction, tunicate, Consequences of photo excitation, Pauli Exclusion Principle
tutorsglobe.com artificial technique of vegetative propagation assignment help-homework help by online reproduction in angiosperms tutors
theory and lecture notes of dc motors i all along with the key concepts of current carrying conductors in magnetic fields, force, current carrying loop in magnetic field, angle of motion, direction of current. tutorsglobe offers homework help, assignment help and tutor’s assistance on dc motors i.
tutorsglobe.com rate of interest assignment help-homework help by online simple theory of income determination tutors
Never feel helpless with top-rated Coelomate Invertebrates Assignment Help service and get impressive solutions to score high grades.
1944661
Questions Asked
3689
Tutors
1461599
Questions Answered
Start Excelling in your courses, Ask an Expert and get answers for your homework and assignments!!