Introduction:
The majority of carbohydrates found in nature found as polysaccharides. They signify third class of carbohydrate types also known as glycans. Hydrolysis of polysaccharides yields completely monosaccharides or products associated to monosaccharides, most often D-Glucose. Though, D-mannose, Dgalactose, D-fructose, D - arabinose and D-glucoronic acid, D. galacturonic acid, D - glucosanmine, sialic acids and uronic acids also found as constituents of polysaccharides. Different polysaccharides vary not only in constituent monosaccharide composition but vary also in molecular weight and other structural features. Therefore, some polysaccharides are linear whereas some are highly branched.
Types of polysaccharides:
Though there are different indices which can be utilized in classifying polysaccharides, the most extensively utilized index is product of hydrolysis of polysaccharides, whether they are similar in which case they are known as homopolysaccharides or whether products of hydrolysis are different in which case known as heteropolysaccharides.
Homopolysaccharides:
These are polysaccharides which on hydrolysis provide only one kind of monomeric units. There are different kinds of homopolysaccharides that comprise: cellulose, starch and glycogen.
i) Cellulose:
Cellulose is unquestionably the most plentiful carbohydrate and the most abundant organic compound in world, comprising 50% or more of all carbon in vegetation. It is linear homopolysaccharide made up of Dglucopyranose units related by b (1-4) linkages. On partial hydrolysis of cellulose, a diasaccharide cellobiose is generated while on complete hydrolysis of cellulose, glucose units are generated.
ii) Starch:
Starch is the polymer of glucose units connected in a 1-4 linkages. It acts as nutritional reservoir in plants. Repeating diasaccharide unit in starch thus is maltose.
Native starches are the mixture of 2 compounds which are separable from each other, Amylose and Amylopectin. Amylose is the component which is thought to be long unbranched chain of glucose linked together by 1-4 bonds and amylopectin that is a branched chain polysaccharide. Glucose residue which is situated at each point of branching is substituted on carbon 4 and carbon 6. Isolation of a 1-6 diasaccharide, isomaltose, from products of incomplete hydrolysis of amylopectin proves substitution of branch points.
iii) Glycogen:
Glycogen is another hompolysaccharide of glucose. It is also storage polysaccharides of animals which acts as a source of fuel, providing similar purpose as starch. It is like amylopectin in that it is branched polysaccharide. It is though different from amylopectin in that its branch point takes place every 8 - 10 units of glucose. Glycogen is hydrolysable by α and β - amylases to yield maltose, glucose and limit dextrins.
Heteropolysaccharides:
These are class of carbohydrate made up of repeating monomeric unit which are different. Several kinds of heteropolysaccharides do exist.
i) Pectins:
These are heteropolysaccharides comprising of arabinose, galactose and galactouronic acid.
ii) Hyaluronic acid:
This is heteropolysaccharide comprising of repeating units of D-glucoromic acid and N-acetyl D glucosamine. Monosaccharides are joined together by β (1 - 3) bonds to create diasaccharides that is joined by β (1 - 4) bond to next repeating unit. It is soluble in water and creates viscous solution.
iii) Chondroitin:
This is also heteropolysaccharide like hyaloronic acid in composition except that amino sugar is N-acetyl D-galactosammine not N-acetyl D-glucosamine sulfate esters are found at C-4 or C-6 of amino sugar of chondroitin forming it chondroitin- 4-sulfate or chondroitin-6-sulfate respectively.
Tutorsglobe: A way to secure high grade in your curriculum (Online Tutoring)
Expand your confidence, grow study skills and improve your grades.
Since 2009, Tutorsglobe has proactively helped millions of students to get better grades in school, college or university and score well in competitive tests with live, one-on-one online tutoring.
Using an advanced developed tutoring system providing little or no wait time, the students are connected on-demand with a tutor at www.tutorsglobe.com. Students work one-on-one, in real-time with a tutor, communicating and studying using a virtual whiteboard technology. Scientific and mathematical notation, symbols, geometric figures, graphing and freehand drawing can be rendered quickly and easily in the advanced whiteboard.
Free to know our price and packages for online biology tutoring. Chat with us or submit request at [email protected]
Immunity and Protection tutorial all along with the key concepts of Infection, Examples of Infections, Prevention as a Means of Protection, Non-Specific Resistance, Specific Immune Response to Infection and Cell-mediated Immunity
tutorsglobe.com significance of cash budgeting assignment help-homework help by online cash budgeting tutors
standardization of non-standard solution tutorial all along with the key concepts of acid-base titration, indicators, ph scale, choice of indicator in acid-base titrations, wrong use of indicator, problem solving in acid-base titration, calculation of molar concentration
www.tutorsglobe.com offers nomenclature homework help, nomenclature assignment help, online tutoring assistance, organic chemistry solutions by online qualified tutor's help.
draw the winding diagram for a 2 pole, 6 slot simplex lap connected dc machine along with commutator comprising 6 segments. point out the position of brushes.
Theory and lecture notes of Log management all along with the key concepts of log management, homework help, assignment help, two phase commit protocol tutors. Tutorsglobe offers homework help, assignment help and tutor’s assistance on Log management.
solid and liquid states of matter tutorial all along with the key concepts of classification of matter on the basis of composition, classification of solids, crystalline solids, symmetry and crystal system, seven crystal systems, bravais lattices
Determination of percent purity of substance tutorial all along with the key concepts of Experiment, Requirements, Procedure, Problem, Results, Treatment of Results
General Classification of Fungi tutorial all along with the key concepts of General characteristics used in classifying fungi and nomenclature of fungi
art criticism assignment help is a comprehensive resource for scholars seeking help for precisely finishing off complex tasks timely!
Theory and lecture notes of Portfolio all along with the key concepts of portfolio, Portfolio Selection Model. Tutorsglobe offers homework help, assignment help and tutor’s assistance on Portfolio.
purification methods-empirical and molecular formula tutorial all along with the key concepts of purification methods, distillation, crystallization, chromatography, empirical and molecular formula, structural formula
www.tutorsglobe.com offers Computation of Variances homework help, assignment help, case study, writing homework help, online tutoring assistance by accounting tutors.
tutorsglobe.com artificial pacemaker assignment help-homework help by online medical lab methods tutors
DC Power Units tutorial all along with the key concepts of Power Supply Types, Battery Power Supply, Unregulated Power Supply, Regulated Power Supply, AC/DC Supply, Switched-Mode Power Supply, Programmable Power Supply, Components of DC Supply Unit
1933464
Questions Asked
3689
Tutors
1467889
Questions Answered
Start Excelling in your courses, Ask an Expert and get answers for your homework and assignments!!