Introduction:
In agriculture, substantial losses in crop produce take place due to the infestation of different pests and diseases. These losses can be decreased to a great extent when their occurrence is recognized in advance so that timely remedial measures can be taken. Therefore, there is as well a requirement to build up forewarning systems that can give advance information for outbreak of pests/diseases attack so that protection evaluates can be implemented prior to the actual onset of the damage.
Pest Monitoring:
Monitoring phytophagous insects and their natural enemies is a basic tool in IPM - for taking the management decision.
Monitoring:
Pest Surveillance:
Signifies to the constant watch on the population dynamics of pests, its incidence and damage on each and every crop at fixed intervals to forewarn the farmers to take up timely crop protection measures.
Three fundamental components of pest surveillance are as follows:
Determination of:
Objectives of Pest Surveillance:
Pest Forecasting:
Forecasting of pest incidence or outbreak based on the information attained from the pest surveillance.
Uses:
Two kinds of pest forecasting:
a) Short term forecasting: Mainly based on 1 or 2 seasons.
b) Long term forecasting: Mainly based on the influence of weather parameters on the pest.
Precise forecasting of pest attacks helps control program to be efficient. It mainly based on the established relationship between the given factors:
Survey of pest species:
It is basically conducted to study the profusion of the pest species. There are two kinds of survey:
1) Roving survey:
2) Fixed plot survey:
Evaluation of the pest population or damage from a fixed plot chosen in a field. The data on pest population or damage recorded periodic from sowing till harvest. Example: 1 sq.m. plots arbitrarily chosen from 5 spots in one acre of crop area in case of rice. From each plot 10 plants chosen at arbitrary. Net tillers and tillers influenced by stem borer in such 10 plants counted. Total leaves and number influenced through leaf folder noticed. Damage expressed as percent damaged tillers or leaves. The population of BPH from all tillers in 10 plants noticed and deduced as number or tiller.
Sampling Techniques:
Absolute sampling: Mainly used to count all the pests taking place in a plot.
Relative sampling: To calculate pest in terms of certain values that can be compared over time and space example: Light trap catch and Pheromone trap.
Methods of sampling:
a) In situ counts: Visual observation on the number of insects on plant canopy (that is, either whole plot or arbitrarily chosen plot)
b) Knock down (Sudden trap): Gathering insects from a region through eliminating from crop and counting.
c) Netting: Utilization of sweep net for hoppers, odonates and grasshopper.
d) Narcotized collection: Quick moving insect's anaesthetized and counter.
e) Trapping:
f) Crop samples: Parts of plant eliminated and pest counted example: Bollworms
Stage of Sampling:
Sample Size:
Decision Making:
Economic Injury Level:
EIL = C / (V x I x D x K)
EIL = C / VIDK
Where,
EIL = Economic injury level in insects or production (or) insects/ha
C = Cost of the management activity per unit of production (Rs./ha)
V = Market value per unit of yield or product (Rs./tonne)
I = Crop injury per insect (Per cent defoliation/insect)
D = Damage or yield loss per unit of injury (Tonne loss/percent defoliation)
K = Proportionate reduction in the injury from pesticide use Economic threshold level (ETL) or Action threshold
Tutorsglobe: A way to secure high grade in your curriculum (Online Tutoring)
Expand your confidence, grow study skills and improve your grades.
Since 2009, Tutorsglobe has proactively helped millions of students to get better grades in school, college or university and score well in competitive tests with live, one-on-one online tutoring.
Using an advanced developed tutoring system providing little or no wait time, the students are connected on-demand with a tutor at www.tutorsglobe.com. Students work one-on-one, in real-time with a tutor, communicating and studying using a virtual whiteboard technology. Scientific and mathematical notation, symbols, geometric figures, graphing and freehand drawing can be rendered quickly and easily in the advanced whiteboard.
Free to know our price and packages for online biology tutoring. Chat with us or submit request at [email protected]
get qualified tutors from molecular physics assignment help service and secure impeccable grades at affordable prices.
tutorsglobe.com prevention of hiv assignment help-homework help by online emerging viral infections in humans tutors
tutorsglobe.com immunology assignment help-homework help by online microbiology tutors
Particle in Three-Dimensional Box tutorial all along with the key concepts of Definition of Particle in a Three-Dimensional Box, Zero point energy
www.tutorsglobe.com offers waterfall model homework help, assignment help, case study, writing homework help, online tutoring assistance by computer science tutors.
theory and lecture notes of power in ac circuits iii all along with the key concepts of power factor, impedance, power factor correction, resistance, inductive component and capacitive component. tutorsglobe offers homework help, assignment help and tutor’s assistance on theory of power in ac circuits iii.
End your academic worries with qualified Combinatorics Assignment Help tutors with 24x7 support and A++ solutions at fair prices.
Reflection Surveys tutorial all along with the key concepts of Spread Lengths, Arrays, Shot Arrays, Common Mid-Point Shooting, single-fold shooting, Depth Conversion, Geometric Distortion
theory and lecture notes of mos transistor inverter all along with the key concepts of inverter dynamic characteristics and power dissipation analysis of cmos inverter. tutorsglobe offers homework help, assignment help and tutor’s assistance on theory of mos transistor inverter.
Shoot System tutorial all along with the key concepts of Stems, Types of stem, Functions of Stems, Leaves, Forms of Leaves, Functions of Leaf, Flowers, Calyx, Corolla, Seeds and Fruits.
dish antenna is a receiver antenna that receives the signals propagated by the satellite and provide to the t.v. receiver.
effect of substituents on reactivity-orientation tutorial all along with the key concepts of effect of substituents on reactivity, effect of substituents on orientation, ortho and para-directing activator
The wish to communicate directly through voice, on a higher rate of speed than possible by general telegraphy, led to additional research. That research led to the progress of MODULATION.
accounting can be observer like the provision of a service to ‘clients’. other way of viewing accounting is like a part of the total information system of business.
tutorsglobe.com simple fleshy fruits assignment help-homework help by online simple fruits tutors
1939112
Questions Asked
3689
Tutors
1471239
Questions Answered
Start Excelling in your courses, Ask an Expert and get answers for your homework and assignments!!