Introduction:
Classification or categorization means recognizing similarities and differences among various types of organism and then placing identical or similar organisms in one group and various types of organisms in various groups.
Taxonomy might therefore be stated as the science of categorization of organisms into categories, maintaining some rules. Early taxonomists categorized organisms according to the morphological characteristics or features only. Once the theory of organic evolution was accepted, taxonomists start to draw evolutionary relationships among various sorts of organisms. This was known as systematic. Nowadays taxonomy and systematic are treated as synonymous since for categorization, both morphological and biochemical resemblances and even those of between molecules like DNA and RNA are studied to establish the evolutionary relationships. Phylogeny is the evolutionary relationship between organisms. Preferably, categorizations reflect phylogeny in that it states how organisms are associated via evolution and common ancestry. Species in the similar genus are more closely associated than species in the separate genera and so on as we carry on from genus to domain.
Classification:
Classification comprises assigning species to a hierarchy of categories: species, genus, family, order, class, phylum and kingdom. Though classifying an organism, it is assigned to categories which exhibit its evolutionary relationship by other groups of organisms. Each and every level or category is known taxon (plural-taxa). The lowermost category is species. The other categories are ordered above species in such a way that there is a hierarchy of categories.
1) Taxonomic categories:
The different taxonomic categories are illustrated below:
Species: Group of individuals of one type that can interbreed to produce fertile offspring.
Genus: Group of species similar to each other in some features or traits pointing common ancestry.
Family: Group of genera (singular-genus) resembling one other. Example: Felis domestica (that is, the cat) and Panthera Tigris (that is, the tiger), both fit in to family Felidae.
Order: Comprises families exhibiting similar traits or characteristics.
Class: Comprises related orders.
Phylum: Comprises related classes.
The different phyla fit in to their respective kingdoms. There are five kingdoms. Illustration:
Kingdom: Animalae (Animals)
Phylum: Chordata (Animals having notochord or backbone)
Class: Mammalia (Animals which suckle their young ones.)
Order: Primates (Mammals having bigger brains and binocular vision)
Family: Hominidae (Humans and human resembling ancestors)
Genus: Homo (Fossil men and modern man)
Species: H.sapiens (Modern man)
2) Scientific naming of organisms:
A simplified system of naming organisms termed as binomial nomenclature has been the standard for more than two centuries now. It was stated by the Swedish biologist, Carolus Linnaeus (1707-1778). Binomial nomenclature merely signifies two-name system of naming. The name of each and every type of organism consists of two parts, that of the genus followed by that of species. The generic name is written by a capital letter and the specific name by a small letter. Example: Homo sapiens are the scientific name of modem man, Mangifera indica is the biological name of the mango.
Three main features or characteristics of biological naming are as follows:
a) The scientific name, by convention, is printed in italics or underlined whenever hand-written.
b) Scientific naming is according to the set of scientific laws of nomenclature.
c) Scientific names are generally in Greek and Latin. They are understood all over the world and have made communication regarding organisms simpler.
3) The Five Kingdoms of Organisms:
Till recently there were just two kingdoms for classification: Plantae and Animalae. Such a two kingdom categorization had some drawbacks, example: bacteria and fungi were kept all along by plants however they are much different.
R.H. Whittaker in the year 1969 recommends the five kingdom categorization which is based on three criteria:
i) The presence or absence of a well-stated nucleus.
ii) Unicellular or multicellular.
iii) Mode of nutrition.
Name of Nature of what type of Kingdom nucleus unicells or nutrition multicells:
a) MONERA Prokaryotic Unicellular Diverse kind of Blue green algae nutrition and bacteria.
b) PROTOCTISTA Eukaryotic Unicellular Diverse type of Algae and nutrition Protozoa.
c) FUNGI Eukaryotic Multicellular Saprophytic (Moulds and so on). Mainly feed on dead and decaying matter.
d) PLANTAE Eukaryotic Multicellular Autotrophic (that is, all green plants). They Synthesize food by using the process of photosynthesis.
e) ANIMALAE Eukaryotic Multicellular Heterotrophic (Animals). Mainly based on others for their food.
Phylogeny:
The history of life is depicted as a branching tree, termed as a phylogeny. All the forms of life, comprising most of the extinct forms which represent dead branches, will join to this tree anywhere.
Phylogenetics:
Phylogenetics is the modern manner in which organisms are categorized and arranged in evolutionary trees. Phylogeneticists arrange species and higher categorization classes into clades. Clades might be represented on a diagram termed as a cladogram. A clade includes a most recent general ancestor and its entire descendant species-the general ancestor is supposed and not recognized.
Just the lamprey, the so-called 'out-group', lacks jaws; however the other six groups of vertebrates are in the similar clade as they all encompass jaws, a derived feature relative to their ancestors. On the other hand, the vertebrates beyond the shark are all in the similar clade as they encompass lungs and so on.
Tutorsglobe: A way to secure high grade in your curriculum (Online Tutoring)
Expand your confidence, grow study skills and improve your grades.
Since 2009, Tutorsglobe has proactively helped millions of students to get better grades in school, college or university and score well in competitive tests with live, one-on-one online tutoring.
Using an advanced developed tutoring system providing little or no wait time, the students are connected on-demand with a tutor at www.tutorsglobe.com. Students work one-on-one, in real-time with a tutor, communicating and studying using a virtual whiteboard technology. Scientific and mathematical notation, symbols, geometric figures, graphing and freehand drawing can be rendered quickly and easily in the advanced whiteboard.
Free to know our price and packages for online biology tutoring. Chat with us or submit request at [email protected]
There is a unique adjustment for every channel. Resonance is acquired with coil’s distributed capacitance, stray and trimmer capacitors. The oscillator coil is generally constructed with an aluminium or brass screw as the core for fine tuning.
Theory and lecture notes of Consumption Spending all along with the key concepts of consumption spending, net taxes, disposable income, buying consumption goods, baseline level of consumption. Tutorsglobe offers homework help, assignment help and tutor’s assistance on Consumption Spending.
Derivatives of Carboxylic Acids tutorial all along with the key concepts of Properties of Carboxylic Acids, Acyl Chlorides, Acid Anhydrides, Esters, Preparation of esters, Amides, Preparation of Amides, Physical Properties of Amides, Uses of carboxylic acids and their derivatives
Reproduction in Gymnosperms tutorial all along with the key concepts of Microsporangia and Megasporangia, Reproduction in Gymnosperms, Male Gametophyte, Female Gametophyte, Pollination, Fertilization, Seed Development and Seed Dispersal
there are three major components of the cpu that are as follow - arithmetic-logic unit (alu), control unit (cu), on-board cache memory.
Evolution and Genetics tutorial all along with the key concepts of Pre-Darwin theories of Evolution, Lamarcks Theory of Evolution, Darwin's Theory of Evolution, Modern views on Evolution
Avail hassle-free Engineering Thermodynamics Assignment Help by native tutors at affordable prices to score A++ grades.
Reptilia tutorial all along with the key concepts of Features of Class Reptilia, Features of Order Crocodilia, Features of Order Testudinata, Features of Order Squamata and Features of Order Rhynchocephalia
Opt The Finest Way To Score A++ Grades With First-Class Northern Renaissance Art Assignment Help At Feasible Prices!
tutorsglobe.com recent theories of wages assignment help-homework help by online wages tutors
There is an assumption in accounting that money, that is the unit of measurement, will stay stable over time. However, this is an unrealistic assumption as the value of money changes. Generally, it is inflation that is the culprit.
liquids tutorial all along with the key concepts of comparison of liquids with gases and solids, structure of liquid, properties of liquids, cohesion and adhesion and viscosity
Submit well-written and top-notch papers prepared by Drainage Basin Geomorphology Assignment Help tutors and score high!
Theory and lecture notes of Concept of Conditional Probability all along with the key concepts of homework help, assignment help, probability tutors. Tutorsglobe offers homework help, assignment help and tutor’s assistance on Concept of Conditional Probability.
Structure and Composition of the Atmosphere tutorial all along with the key concepts of Properties of the Atmosphere, Vertical Diminution of Density with Height, Isothermal Atmosphere, Adiabatic Atmosphere, Temperature Profile of Adiabatic Atmosphere
1954899
Questions Asked
3689
Tutors
1491728
Questions Answered
Start Excelling in your courses, Ask an Expert and get answers for your homework and assignments!!