Assignment Help - homework help

  Cell Division Processes in Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic, Biology tutorial

Introduction:

All living organisms (that is, bacteria, blue green algae, plants and animals) encompass cellular organization and might include one or many cells. The organisms having only one cell in their body are termed as unicellular organisms (that is, bacteria, blue green algae, some algae, Protozoa and so on). The organisms having numerous cells in their body are termed as multicellular organisms (that is, fungi, mainly plants and animals). Any living organism might have only one kind of cell either:

A) Prokaryotic cells

B) Eukaryotic cells

The words prokaryotic and eukaryotic were proposed by Hans Ris in the year 1960. This categorization is mainly based on their complexity.

The Cell:

Cell is the least unit of an organism which is capable to function independently, the fundamental unit of living matter in all the organisms, comprising of protoplasm surrounded in a cell membrane. All cells apart from bacterial cells have a dissimilar nucleus which includes the cell's DNA and also other structures (termed as organelles) which comprise mitochondria, the endoplasmic reticulum and vacuoles. The major source of energy for all of a cell's biological procedure is the ATP. 

The explanation of plant form and function based on the capability of a plant cell to divide and differentiates. The decision of individual cells to enter the cell cycle, maintains propagation competence, become quiescent, enlarge, differentiate or die based on cell-to-cell communication and on the perception of different signals. Such signals can comprise hormones, light, nutrients, temperature and internal positional and developmental cues. In present years, progress has been made in comprehending the molecular control of plant pattern formation, principally in the model plant, Arabidopsis thaliana. Moreover, particular genes have been found which are essential for normal pattern formation and the control of the rates of cell division and differentiation. Cloning of such genes is revealing the molecular base of plant pattern formation and the key players on the plant signal transduction systems.

The Cell Cycle:

Eukaryotic cells encompass a membrane-enclosed nucleus. Prokaryotic cells are deficient in a true, membrane and surrounded nucleus. Illustrations of prokaryotes are bacteria whereas other organisms, algae, protozoa, fungi, higher plants and animal are eukaryotes.

In spite of the differences among eukaryotes and prokaryotes, there are some general features in their cell division methods. Replication of the DNA must take place. Segregation of the 'original' and its 'replica' pursue.

Whether the cell is prokaryotic or eukaryotic, these fundamental events should take place. Cytokinesis is the procedure where one cell splits off from its sister cell and ends the cell division method. It generally takes place after the cell division. 

The Cell Cycle is the series of growth, DNA replication, growth and cell division which the entire cells go through. Starting after cytokinesis, the daughter cells are quite small and low on the ATP. They obtain ATP and rise in size throughout the G1 stage of Interphase. Most of the cells are observed in Interphase, the longest portion of the cell cycle. 

After getting sufficient size and ATP, the cells then experience DNA synthesis (replication of the original DNA molecules, making similar copies, one 'new molecule' finally destined for each and every new cell) that takes place throughout the S phase. As the formation of new DNA is energy draining procedure, the cell experiences a second growth and energy acquisition phase, the G2 phase, a gap among DNA synthesis and mitotic cell division. The energy acquired throughout G2 is employed in the cell division (in this situation mitosis). Regulation of the cell cycle is achieved in several manners.

Cell Division:

Cell division is the method by which a cell splits or divides to form two or more new cells. On finishing of the process, each and every daughter cell includes the similar genetic material as the original cell and almost half of its cytoplasm.

Among prokaryotes, the cell division takes place through simple fission. Among eukaryotes, the cell nucleus splits or divides first and then a new cell membrane is made among the nuclei to form the new cell. Cell division is employed as a means of reproduction in organisms which reproduce asexually, as by fission or spore formation and sexually reproducing organisms form gametes. Cell division is as well the source of tissue growth and repair in the multicellular organisms. The two kinds of cell division in eukaryotic organisms are meiosis and mitosis.

Prokaryotic Cell Division:

Prokaryotes are a lot simpler in their organization than the eukaryotes. There encompass more organelles in the eukaryotes and as well more chromosomes. The usual technique of prokaryote cell division is known as binary fission, an illustration of asexual reproduction. The prokaryotic chromosome is a single, simple DNA molecule which at first replicates, then joins each copy to a different portion of the cell membrane. If the cell starts to pull apart, the replicate and original chromosomes are separated.

Subsequent to cell splitting (cytokinesis), there are then two cells of similar genetic composition (except for for the unusual chance of a spontaneous mutation).

Steps of Cell Division in Prokaryotes

Most of the prokaryotic cells split or divide by the procedure of binary fission.

Binary fission can be explained as a sequence of steps; however it is in fact a continuous procedure. They comprise DNA replication, chromosome segregation and at last the separation to two daughter cells.

DNA Replication: Just prior to the cell splits or divides, its DNA is copied in a procedure termed as DNA replication. This outcome in two similar chromosomes rather than one. This step is essential as when the cell divides, each and every daughter cell will encompass its own chromosome.

Chromosome Segregation: The two chromosomes segregate, or break up, and move to opposite ends (termed as poles) of the cell. This takes place as each copy of DNA joins to different portions of the cell membrane.

Separation: A new plasma membrane begins growing in the center of the cell and the cytoplasm divides or splits apart, making two daughter cells. As the cell starts to pull apart, the new and the original chromosomes are separated.

Cell Division in Eukaryotes:

Cell division is more complicated in eukaryotes than prokaryotes. Before dividing, the entire DNA in a eukaryotic cell's multiple chromosomes is duplicated. Its organelles are as well duplicated. Then, if the cell divides, it takes place in two main steps:

1) The first step is mitosis, that is, a multi-phase procedure in which the nucleus of the cell divides. Throughout mitosis, the nuclear membrane breaks and later reforms. The chromosomes are as well sorted and separated to make sure that each daughter cell receives a diploid number (that is, 2 sets) of chromosomes. In humans, the number of chromosomes is 46 (23 pairs).

2) The second main step is cytokinesis. As in the prokaryotic cells, the cytoplasm should split or divide. Cytokinesis is the division of cytoplasm in the eukaryotic cells, resultant in two genetically similar daughter cells.

Tutorsglobe: A way to secure high grade in your curriculum (Online Tutoring)

Expand your confidence, grow study skills and improve your grades.

Since 2009, Tutorsglobe has proactively helped millions of students to get better grades in school, college or university and score well in competitive tests with live, one-on-one online tutoring.

Using an advanced developed tutoring system providing little or no wait time, the students are connected on-demand with a tutor at www.tutorsglobe.com. Students work one-on-one, in real-time with a tutor, communicating and studying using a virtual whiteboard technology.  Scientific and mathematical notation, symbols, geometric figures, graphing and freehand drawing can be rendered quickly and easily in the advanced whiteboard.

Free to know our price and packages for online biology tutoring. Chat with us or submit request at [email protected]
Home | Company Overview | Services | Discover Q&A | Sitemap | Contact Us | T & C | Refund Policy | Copyright Policy | Blog | Q&A | Directory

©TutorsGlobe All rights reserved 2022-2023.