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  Types of immunoglobulins

Types of immunoglobulins:

An antibody or immunoglobulin (Ig) is glycoprotein generated through B cells that is capable of combining particularly with the antigen that induces it. Antibodies are divided into 5 main classes. That is:

  • IgM,
  • IgG,
  • IgA,
  • IgD and
  • IgE,

Those are based upon their heavy chain constant region structure. An antibody has minimum two similar antigen-binding sites and it is the valence of an antibody.

Immunoglobulin and their functions

IgG comprises two light chains either kappa or lambda and two heavy chain of ϒ type and contains 4 subclasses. That is:

  • IgG1,
  • IgG2,
  • IgG3 and
  • IgG4.

It is predominant class of immunoglobulin and account for about 80 per cent in human serum. IgG generated specifically during the secondary immune response. IgG stimulates phagocytic cells, binds neutrophils, activates the complement system, and can neutralize toxins. Most significantly, it is the just only antibody that can cross the placenta and on the foetus confer immunity.

IgA comprises two light chains either kappa or lambda and two heavy chain of α type and contain two subclasses. That is

1. IgA1 and
2. IgA2,

That constitutes just only 13% of the antibody in human serum, but predominant class of antibody in extra vascular secretions. The IgA exist in secretions (saliva, tears, nasal secretions and mammary gland secretions) is secretory IgA. It is found to generate immunity against tapeworms and available in the colostrums protects the baby from intestinal pathogens.

IgM comprises two light chains either kappa or lambda and two heavy chain of μ type constitutes just only 8% of the antibody in human serum, it is the largest of the immunoglobulins frequently considered as the macroglobulin since it has more than five binding sites for antigen. It is the 1st antibody to come out in the primary immune response hence a helpful indicator of recent infection. Most of the natural antibodies such as ABO blood grouping (anti-A anti-B) are of the IgM class and significant in the initial activation of B-cells, macrophages, and activate the complement system.

IgD comprises two light chains either kappa or lambda and two heavy chain of δ    type comprise less than 1% of the antibody in human serum. Plays a vital role in activating and suppressing lymphocyte activity and found large quantities in the cell walls of several B-cells. IgD has a single binding site.

IgE is a reaginic antibody, has two light chains either kappa or lambda and two heavy chain of ε type comprise less than 0.003% of the antibody in human serum. Mediator within allergic responses. Most significantly activates histamine secreting cells. As well appears to play a vital role in parasitic infection and mediates one type hypersensitivity.

 

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