Nitrogenous Bases:
Two kinds of nitrogenous bases are initiated within all nucleic acids. These are derived of purine and pyrimidine.
i. Purine Bases:
Purine Bases are all derived from their parent compound purine that consists of a six membered pyrimidine ring fused to the 5 membered imidazole ring, the purine derivatives initiated in nucleic acids are adenine and guanine.
ii. Pyrimidine Bases:
Pyrimidine Bases are all derived from their parent heterocyclic compound pyrimidine. The general pyrimidine derivatives that are initiated in nucleic acids are Uracil, Thymine and Cytosine.
Minor bases in nucleic acid:
Except the above four bases, specific minor, unusual bases are as well found in DNA and RNA. They are 5 methylcytosine. Those are:
1. N4 acetyl cytosine2. N6 methyladenine 3. N64. N6 dimethyladenine 5. Pseudouracil
Base Pairing:
Base pairing is a necessary characteristic not only to keep the double helical structure of DNA, but as well plays an significant role in DNA, RNA and protein biosynthesis.
In DNA:
Adenine (A) pairs with thymine (T) (A=T) Guanine (G) pairs with cytosine (C) (G ≡ C)
In RNA:
Adenine (A) pairs with uracil (U) (A=U) Guanine (G) pairs with cytosine (C) (G ≡ C)
Chargaffs rule of DNA composition:
DNA has equivalent number of adenine and thymine residues (A=T) and equivalent number of guanine and cytosine (G ≡ C) residues. This is termed as Chargaffs rule of molar equivalence among the purine and pyrimidines in DNA.
Structure of Nucleotides:
Nucleotides are the basic units of nucleic acids. Every nucleotide is having of a
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