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  Infections

Infections:

The multiplication and invasion of a parasite in or on the surface of host tissue constitute infection. Infection and immunity include interaction among the body (host) and the infecting microorganism. Relies upon their relationship to their host, microorganisms categorized  as saprophytes (free living microbes which subsist on dead or decaying organic matter, mainly found in soil). Parasites (establish themselves and multiply in hosts (it might be pathogens-disease producing) or commensals (with no causing any damage to the host-normal flora). Infections may be categorized in several ways.

1. Primary infection:
First time infection along with a parasite in a host.

2. Secondary infection:
While new parasite sets up an infection in a host whose resistance is lowered through a preexisting infectious disease.

3. Focal infection:
Infection/sepsis at localized sites (tonsils).

4. Cross infection:
While a patient already suffering from a disease a new infection is set up from other host or other external source.

5. Reinfections:
Subsequent infections through similar parasite in the host.

6. Nosocomial infections:
Cross infection taking place in hospitals .

7. Latent infection:
A number of parasites, following infection, may remain in the tissues in a latent or hidden form, multiply and generating clinical disease while the host resistance is lowered.

8. Sources of infection:
Several pathogens are able to infect that may be from

(A) Animals to human beings or Human beings to human beings, (Zoonotic disease eg – Plague).
(B) From insects to human beings (arthropod borne disease example Malaria).
(C) From soil, water and contaminated food. This might enter the host via either, direct contact (contagious disease) or indirect (such as clothing). It may also take place by

i. Inhalation of pathogen (Influenza)
ii.  Ingestion of food or drinks contaminated through pathogens
iii.  Inoculation directly into the tissues of the host (Tetanus spores).
iv. Congenitally some pathogens example rubella virus are able to cross the placental barrier and infect the fetus in utero (Vertical transmission).

Infectious disease might be localized (superficial/deep-seated) or generalized (spreading via tissue spaces and circulation). Though, it can be Endemic (while a small number of cases take place constantly between the population of a community example: Typhoid), Epidemic (The disease flares up and large number of cases develop in a community within a short time. example: Influenza) or Pandemic (while an epidemic becomes very widespread areas in the world including large number of people within a short period).

 

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