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  Hemoglobin buffer system

Hemoglobin buffer system:

The hemoglobin’s buffering capacity is because of the existence of imidazole groups in its histidine residues. The degree of dissociation of the imidazole groups is dependent on the Hb’s degree of oxygenation. If hemoglobin is oxygenated, it is much more acidic and hence presents in its dissociated form. While it is not bound with oxygen, it will be in the reduced form.

In the tissues, in which oxygen tension is reduced, HbO2 dissociates to provide oxygen to the tissues. In turn, the CO2 generated in the tissues will combine with H2O to form H2CO3 that dissociates to H+ and HCO3-. The reduced Hb devoid of O2 is combines along with H+ ions to form HHb resultant an extremely little change in the pH.

While the blood returns to the lungs, O2 tension in the lungs is high resultant in the oxygenation of Hb. As described earlier, HbO2 has lesser affinity to H+ and releases it. It combines with HCO3- ions to create H2CO3 which dissociates to H2O and CO2.

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                                                       Figure: Buffering action of Hemoglobin

It has been found that in excess of 80% of the buffering capacity of blood is because of red blood cells. However the buffered HCO3- is transported in the plasma. The procedure of transport of the created HCO3- from the RBCs into the plasma requires chloride ions and the phenomenon is known as chloride bicarbonate shift of Hamberger.

While CO2 liberated from the tissues comes in the RBC via plasma, it joints with water to form carbonic acid, the reaction catalysed through an enzyme known as carbonic anhydrase. Similar enzyme can as well dissociate carbonic acid to carbon dioxide (CO2) and water. Carbonic acid dissociates into HCO3- and H+ ions.

The created bicarbonate is exchanged for one chloride ion along with the plasma. The chloride which enters the cell creates neutral potassium chloride in the cell. The bicarbonate which enters the plasma reacts along with the sodium ions to create sodium bicarbonate. So, the bicarbonate ions are transported in the plasma.

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                                                          Diagram: Hamburgers’ Chloride Bicarbonate Shift

 

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