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  Diabetes Mellitus

Diabetes Mellitus:

Diabetes mellitus is a carbohydrate metabolism’s significant disorder. Though, fat and protein metabolism are as well influenced in diabetic condition. The meaning of Diabetes excretion of excessive volume of urine and mellitus means sweet. Thus the word diabetes milletus considers to chronic excretion of large volume of urine consisting of glucose.

Diabetes mellitus, origin through a deficiency in the secretion or action of insulin, is a comparatively common disease. Insulin is an endocrine hormone that is secreted via β -cells of islets of Langerhans of pancreas. The defect in glucose metabolism is indicative of diabetes or a tendency in the direction of the condition. Diabetes mellitus is in fact a group of diseases where the regulatory activity of insulin is defective.

There are two main clinical classes of the disease:

1. Type-I or IDDM (insulin dependent diabetes mellitus)
The disease starts early in the life and rapidly becomes severe.

2. Type - II or NIDDM (non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus)

The disease is slow to start, milder and frequently goes unrecognized.

The first type needs insulin therapy and careful, lifelong control of the balance among glucose intake and insulin dose. The decreased/defective creation of insulin is characterised through the following symptoms.

1. The cell membrane’s decreased permeability for glucose resultant in the accumulation of glucose in the blood. This condition is termed as hyperglycemia. Glucose concentration gets increased as high as 500 mg/100 ml of blood.

2. Polyuria: the meaning of it is excretion of increased amount of urine. This is to excrete the extra quantity of glucose in urine (glucosuria).

3. Polydipsia: The extreme thirst that leads to raised consumption of water. This condition is termed as polydipsia. This is to change the volume of water excreted because of polyuria.


4. Polyphagia: Extreme appetite directs to polyphagia and increased intake of food. This is to change the lost nourishment. The diabetic has insatiable appetite, but despite of over eating, they lose weight and become emaciated and lean.

5. Like glucose is not sufficient for energy production, raised mobilisation of fat from adipose tissue takes place. However the metabolism of fat is incomplete resultant in the construction of large quantity of the intermediary products of fat metabolism that are ketone bodies (for example: Acetoacetate and β -hydroxybutarate). This state is termed as 'ketosis' and excess ketone bodies cause severe acidosis, finally resultant in 'coma'.

6. Deposition of lipids in the blood vessel’s walls resulting "atherosclerosis".

On the blood and urine Biochemical measurements are necessary in the diagnosis and treatment of diabetes that causes profound changes in metabolism. A sensitive diagnostic criterion is given via the glucose tolerance test (GTT).

 

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