What is Boltzmann constant
Boltzmann constant: k (L. Boltzmann) - The constant that explains the relationship between kinetic energy and temperature for molecules in an ideal gas. This is equivalent to the 1.380 622 x 10-23 J/K.
Avogadro's hypothesis (Count A. Avogadro; 1811): Equivalent volumes of all gases at similar temperature and pressure contain equivalent numbers of molecules. This is, in fact, true only for the ideal gases. <
Briefly describe the applications of the nmr spectroscopy?
Doppler Effect (C.J. Doppler): The waves emitted by a moving object as received by an observer will be blue shifted (compressed) when approaching, redshifted (that is, elongated) if receding. This takes place both in sound and also el
Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen effect: EPR effect: Consider the subsequent quantum mechanical thought-experiment: Take a particle that is at rest and has spun zero (0). This spontaneously decays into two fermions (spin 1/2 particles), that stream away in the
Pauli Exclusion Principle (W. Pauli; 1925): No two similar fermions in a system, like electrons in an atom, can contain an identical set of the quantum numbers.
Standard quantum limit: It is the limit obligatory on standard techniques of measurement by the uncertainty principle in quantum mechanics.
Fermat's principle: principle of least time (P. de Fermat): The principle, put onward by P. de Fermat that explains the path taken by a ray of light among any two points in a system is for all time the path which takes the least time.
Lenz's law (H.F. Lenz; 1835): The induced electric current always flows in such a direction that it resists the change generating it.
Illustrate the difference between the cathode ray and beta ray?
Calculate the hot and cold temperature after 25 orbits. Assume a 100kg spherical spacecraft made of aluminum. Assume that the spacecraft is in an equatorial orbit. How is calculation 1 different for a spacecraft in a 90 degree (polar) orbit?
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