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Occurrence of price discrimination

Price discrimination arises whenever: (1) prices are exactly proportional to average variable costs. (2) customers who refuse to pay the market price must go without. (3) a good is sold at different prices not reflecting differences in costs. (4) perfect competitors maximize their profits. (5) a good is sold at various prices according to the customer's race.

Can anybody suggest me the proper explanation for given problem regarding Economics generally?

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