Modularization: This is the broader concept of applying standardization to produce modularized sub-assemblies. A car, computer, or even a ship can be completely designed and assembled as a series of these modules.
New modules can be designed on an individual basis to directly replace existing ones, and if a number of these are introduced at one time a new product is effectively created.
Using the car as an example – dashboards with associated instrumentation, sunroof kitts with glass and electric motors, door cassettes containing the door shell, glass, winders, locks, and stereo speakers, and seats including their frames and upholstery, are each produced as complete ready to install modules by factories specializing in their manufacture.