Define Fermats principle
Fermat's principle: principle of least time (P. de Fermat): The principle, put onward by P. de Fermat that explains the path taken by a ray of light among any two points in a system is for all time the path which takes the least time.
Ehrenfest paradox (Ehernfest, 1909): The special relativistic "paradox" including a fast rotating disc. As any radial segment of the disc is perpendicular to the direction of motion, there must be no length contraction of the radius;
Avogadro constant: L; NA (Count A. Avogadro; 1811) The total number of items in a sample of a substance that is equivalent to the number of molecules or atoms in a sample of an ideal gas that is at customary temperature and pressure. It is equivalent
Olbers' paradox (H. Olbers; 1826): If the Universe is infinite, consistent, and unchanging then the whole sky at night would be bright -- concerning as bright as the Sun. The further you stared out into space, the more stars there would be, and theref
Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen effect: EPR effect: Consider the subsequent quantum mechanical thought-experiment: Take a particle that is at rest and has spun zero (0). This spontaneously decays into two fermions (spin 1/2 particles), that stream away in the
Calculate the hot and cold temperature after 25 orbits. Assume a 100kg spherical spacecraft made of aluminum. Assume that the spacecraft is in an equatorial orbit. How is calculation 1 different for a spacecraft in a 90 degree (polar) orbit?
Atwood's machine: The weight-and-pulley system devised to compute the acceleration due to gravity at Earth's surface by computing the total acceleration of a set of weights of identified mass about a frictionless pulley.
Planck constant: h: The basic constant equivalent to the ratio of the energy of a quantum of energy to its frequency. This is the quantum of action. This has the value 6.626 196 x 10-34 J s.
Coanda effect: The effect which points out that a fluid tends to flow all along a surface, instead of flowing via free space.
Solar water heating: Solar water heaters are simple, reliable, famous and widespread. They are probably the Low Carbon technology closest to being commercially practised. The most efficient designs concentrate solar radiation onto a small diameter tub
Einstein field equation: The cornerstone of Einstein's general theory of relativity, associating the gravitational tensor G to the stress-energy tensor T by the simple equation: G = 8 pi T<
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